The role of the Spanish Committee of the International Association of Hydrogeologists in the management and protection of Spain's groundwater resources     

Emilio Custodio  M.-Ramón Llamas  Fermín Villarroya 《Hydrogeology Journal》1998,6(1):15-23

 Spain is a relatively large European country (ca. 500,000 km²) with extensive semiarid areas in which there exists a large number of good aquifers. In some areas, these aquifers are intensively developed and are the most important sources of fresh water. Nevertheless, groundwater development and protection has rarely been duly considered by the Spanish Water Administration, despite the pressure to remedy this situation by various groups of experts, some of them members of the Water Administration. The Spanish Committee of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) has been very active during the last decade in promoting activities to spread groundwater science, technology, and management in Spain and outside, mostly in Latin America, and in trying to orient water policy toward issues of groundwater. These activities include mainly the organization of technical and scientific meetings on current topics such as groundwater in the new Water Act, overexploitation, groundwater in water-resources planning, groundwater pollution, natural-recharge estimation and others. The impact of these activities on the recent water policy of Spain seems significant, and the experience gained may be applicable to other countries. Received, February 1997 · Revised, July 1997 · Accepted, July 1997  相似文献   

Book reviews     

César N. Caviedes  Emilio Biagini  H. -J. Kümpel  Jack D. Ives 《GeoJournal》1996,40(4):413-419

Under thhe drought conditions that have occurred in Bulgaria during the last decade, agricultural use of non-conventional water may be an important resource. This is a specific case of simultaneous purification and utilisation by soil ecological systems. However, using non-conventional quality water presents a number of ecological and health risks and poses problems connected with soil and surface and ground water contaminated and with producing crops of acceptable quality. Bulgaria's municipal, industrial, and rural wastewater reclamation and reuse, in addition to other non conventional water resources as sea water, drainage water and mineralised groundwater, may be a reliable source even in drought years and thus is capable of replacing potable used in agriculture. This paper reviews the work of the authors and their colleagues in assessing the irrigation potentials of waste water in Bulgaria.  相似文献   

Use of statistical data in assessing local seismicity     

Emilio Rosenblueth 《地震工程与结构动力学》1986,14(3):325-337

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Use of seismic data from similar regions     

Emilio Rosenblueth  Mario Ordaz 《地震工程与结构动力学》1987,15(5):619-634

Attention is first focused on the probability distributions of the exceedance rates of given earthquake magnitudes when the generation process is idealized as Poisson. But data on significant disturbances are always scarce. Local-seismicity assessment is hence guided by information from tectonically similar areas, but ordinarily the guidance is intuitive. Bayesian statistics constitute the tool to do this rationally. Two more alternatives are presented and illustrated here. The approach is extended to a generating process that includes the Poisson as a special case.  相似文献   

Late Neoproterozoic crustal growth in the European Variscides: Nd isotope and geochemical evidence from the Sierra de Córdoba Andesites (Ossa-Morena Zone, Southern Spain)     

Christian Pin  Eladio Lin  Emilio Pascual  Teodosio Donaire  Alfonso Valenzuela 《Tectonophysics》2002,352(1-2)

Because the Hercynian overprint was extremely weak, the Sierra de Córdoba (southeastern Ossa-Morena Zone, OMZ) provides an excellent opportunity to study the tectonic evolution of sequences deposited close to the Late Neoproterozoic–Early Palaeozoic boundary. In order to put constraints on the sources and geodynamic significance of the Late Proterozoic magmatism, a representative set of 18 igneous rocks, and 3 interbedded sedimentary rocks from the San Jerónimo Formation have been studied for major and trace element geochemistry and for the Sm–Nd isotopic systematics. The igneous rocks are generally porphyritic to microporphyritic andesites, with abundant plagioclase (±amphibole) phenocrysts. With the exception of two intrusive rocks, possibly not related to the Late Proterozoic episode, all the samples display positive _{Nd550 Ma} values, ranging from +2.9 to +7.6. Most of them, with +4<_{Nd550 Ma}<+6, exhibit LREE enrichment, high La/Nb ratios, and elevated Zr/Nb ratios ranging from 21 to 32. There is no obvious correlation between the shape of REE patterns, La/Nb ratios and _{Nd550 Ma} values, precluding simple models of late-stage interaction with typical crustal components having low _Nd and high LREE/HREE and La/Nb ratios. Based on their major element composition and enriched, continental crust-like trace element characteristics, combined with distinctly positive _Nd initial values, the Córdoba andesites document an episode of crustal growth through the addition of calc-alkaline magmas, extracted from a mantle reservoir which was strongly depleted in LREE on a time-integrated basis. The occurrence of interlayered sediments of continental provenance (negative _Nd values) does not favour a purely ensimatic arc setting, remote from continental land masses, for this subduction-related magmatism, but the geochemical data suggest an active margin environment located on relatively juvenile crust. In any case, the Córdoba andesites document the addition of materials chemically similar to the bulk continental crust which were extracted from mantle sources with strong time-integrated LREE depletion. Therefore, they provide evidence for crustal growth related to Cadomian orogenic events during Late Proterozoic times.  相似文献   

Delaunay Tessellation Field Estimator analysis of the PSCz local Universe: density field and cosmic flow     

Emilio Romano-Díaz  Rien van de Weygaert 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,382(1):2-28

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Comparison between Eulerian diagnostics and finite-size Lyapunov exponents computed from altimetry in the Algerian basin     

Francesco d’Ovidio  Jordi Isern-Fontanet  Cristóbal López  Emilio Hernández-García  Emilio García-Ladona 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(1):15-31

Transport and mixing properties of surface currents can be detected from altimetric data by both Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostics. In contrast with Eulerian diagnostics, Lagrangian tools like the local Lyapunov exponents have the advantage of exploiting both spatial and temporal variability of the velocity field and are in principle able to unveil subgrid filaments generated by chaotic stirring. However, one may wonder whether this theoretical advantage is of practical interest in real-data, mesoscale and sub-mesoscale analysis, because of the uncertainties and resolution of altimetric products, and the non-passive nature of biogeochemical tracers. Here we compare the ability of standard Eulerian diagnostics and the finite-size Lyapunov exponent in detecting instantaneous and climatological transport and mixing properties in the south-western Mediterranean. By comparing with sea-surface temperature patterns, we find that the two approaches provide similar results for slowly evolving eddies like the first Alboran gyre. However, the Lyapunov exponent is also able to predict the (sub-)mesoscale filamentary processes occurring along the Algerian current and above the Balearic Abyssal Plain. Such filaments are also observed, with some mismatch, in sea-surface temperature patterns. Climatologies of Lyapunov exponents do not show any compact relation with other Eulerian diagnostics, unveiling a different structure even at the basin scale. We conclude that filamentation dynamics can be detected by reprocessing available altimetric data with Lagrangian tools, giving insight into (sub-)mesoscale stirring processes relevant to tracer observations and complementing traditional Eulerian diagnostics.  相似文献   

Linear and non-linear T–S models for the eastern North Atlantic from Argo data: Role of surface salinity observations     

Joaquim Ballabrera-Poy  Baptiste Mourre  Emilio Garcia-Ladona  Antonio Turiel  Jordi Font 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(10):1605-1614

Linear and non-linear empirical models for salinity (S) are estimated from the Argo temperature (T) and salinity (delayed) data. This study focuses on the reconstruction of salinity in the upper 1200 m of the eastern North Atlantic Ocean, a region characterized by the presence of many different water masses. While previous studies have found it necessary to split this region by boxes to fit different polynomial models in each box, a unique model valid for the entire region is fitted here. Argo profiles are randomly distributed on two sets: one for fitting the models and one for testing them. Non-linear regressions are built using neural networks with a single hidden layer and the fitting data set is further divided into two subsets: one for adjusting the coefficients (training data) and one for early stopping of the fitting (validation data). Our results indicate that linear regressions perform better than the climatologic T–S relationship, but that non-linear regressions perform better than the linear ones. Non-linear training using a three-data subsets strategy successfully prevents overfitting even when networks with 90 neurons in the hidden layer are being trained. While the presence of local minima may complicate the generalization of non-linear models to new data, network committees (created by training the same network from different random initial weights) are shown to better reproduce the test data. Several predictors are tested, and the results show that geographical, or surface, information does provide significant information. These results highlight the potential applications of future satellite missions measuring sea-surface salinity to reconstruct, when combined with temperature profiles, vertical salinity profiles.  相似文献   

Solar diameter measurements at São Paulo Observatory     

M. Emilio  N. V. Leister 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,361(3):1005-1011

In this work we describe solar radius measurements made from 1972 with the São Paulo astrolabe. We find values of  959.52 ± 0.03 arcsec  for the visual data and  959.61 ± 0.05 arcsec  for the CCD data using a modified data acquisition system. We compare our results with other astrolabe measurements and with SOHO –MDI. Observations of the solar radius show contradictory results when we try to correlate changes in the diameter with the solar cycle. Our series is not correlated with the solar cycle but it shows a period of  13.4 ± 2.2 yr  . We have also compared our time series with other long-term measurements of solar radius along solar cycle 21 and analysed our measurements as a function of heliographic latitude. We do not find a significant solar oblateness.  相似文献   

Seismic analysis and distribution of a bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) in the Chilean margin offshore of Valdivia (40° S)     

Cristián Rodrigo  Emilio Vera  Antonio González-Fernández 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2009,27(1):1-10

Multi-channel seismic (MCS) reflection data recorded offshore from Valdivia (40° S), in the Chilean margin, were processed to obtain a seismic image to establish structural characteristics and relate them to the presence of the bottom-simulating reflector (BSR). Seismic structure velocity of the BSR was determined using 1-D forward modeling. Recorded seismograms for two representative common mid-point (CMP) gathers were compared with synthetics, using different physical parameters to fit the waveforms. Our results confirm the presence of gas hydrates above the BSR. The BSR spatial continuity appears to be either interrupted or irregular due to the presence of faults. Tectonic movements can change the gas hydrate stability zone and consequently the BSR disappears or becomes weaker. Structural and topographic factors, differences in concentration, vertical distribution characteristics and internal structure of gas hydrates can influence BSR amplitude behavior. Variability in the concentration, volume, and extra supply of free gas coming from faults could be the main factors in the change of BSR amplitudes. The inclusion of the attenuation factor in the modeling supports the existence of free gas below the BSR. It is possible that the free gas below the BSR is distributed in bubbles or “bags”.  相似文献